Reflect on a personal experience within our time at our clinical rotation

Reflect on a personal experience within our time at our clinical rotation The purpose of this caring paper is to reflect on a personal experience within our time at our clinical rotation in which a patient experienced two of Watsons lower order of needs. Doris Grinspun (2010), a professor from York University defines caring as thinking, doing, and being representing the ways in which nurses enact caring work and manages relationships and present key courses of action in which nurses enact their work focusing on rules of engagement and inequalities. From this, we can establish that caring involves every interaction a nurse has with a patient, from the first introduction, throughout the healing process and the termination phase between the nurse and client. Caring science embraces all ways of knowing/being/doing: ethical, intuitive, personal, empirical, aesthetic, and even spiritual/metaphysical ways of knowing and Being (Watson, 2008). This paper will focus on a description of my patient and their diagnosis, caritas processes, two of Watsons lower order of needs which will include activity/inactivity and sexual intimacy, and possible nursing interventions that can be put into place to help improve the quality of care for the hospitalized patient. The personal encounter with a patient with two of Watsons lower order of needs was diagnosed with dementia, or failure to cope. Dementia is the development of multiple cognitive deficits, manifested by memory impairment and other deficits affecting language, inability to carry out motor functions, failure to recognize or identify objects and a disturbance in functioning (Jarvis, 2009). It was evident when dealing with this patient that she had a cognitive impairment. I introduced myself to her on the first day, and when I returned to her bed side the following morning to get her up and take her vital signs, she had no recollection of who I was from the previous day. I had to continuously remind her who I was throughout the course of the two days I was in clinical. She referred to the nursing students as the kids in blue. Her diagnosis mainly affected her ability to remember people, place, and sometimes memories, but when it came to retaining facts, she was very capable; an example wa s the recreational therapy that she attended in which she was always able to answer the trivia questions or the answer to the crossword. Over the course of the two days in which she was my assigned patient that I was to care for, I got know her well. She trusted me from the beginning because she knew I was just doing my job. She quickly began to open up to me and told me about her family. She came from a large family of six kids, of that she had four brothers all of whom always looked out for her and her sister. She was born and raised, and lived in Oshawa her entire life. While growing up, her family lived on a farm. Herself and her siblings assisted in the chores around the bard, including milking the cows and gathering the chicken eggs. My patient married her husband in her twenties and had four kids; three sons and one daughter. She informed me many times that she loved her family and enjoys when any member of her family is able to come and visit her. One of Watsons lower orders of needs is activity/inactivity. One of the health challenges my patients experiences was the fact that she was non-ambulatory. She was only allowed to be in her bed or in her wheelchair because she had a high risk of falling. Due to her lack of ability to move around, her muscles would slowly start to experience atrophy. Deconditioning is a process or physiological change following a period of inactivity or bed rest that results in a decrease in muscle mass, weakness, functional decline and the ability to perform daily living activities (Gillis MacDonald, 2008). It is observed in an increasing frequency as a consequence of hospitalization for many older adults. While in the hospital receiving care, many elderly patients, due to age, begin to grow frail and are at a greater risk of falls. To counteract this problem, many patients are assigned bed-rest, or stay in their wheel-chair all the time. This limits the patients ability to get up and walk around. A recent study concluded that older hospitalized patients 70 years and up showed a decline in activities of daily living associated with deconditioning on discharge (Brown et al., 2004). To prevent deconditioning, a nursing intervention must be to look for risk factors and intervene proactively. This is assuming that nurses have the prerequisite knowledge, skills and attitudes to recognize and respond to the specialized needs of hospitalized older patients. I found that my patient had a hard time accepting the fact that she was unable to get out of her wheelchair and walk around. At one point she was so determined she unbuckled herself and attempted to get out and walk. Having to go in there and tell her otherwise was a challenge because seeing the disappointment in her eyes upset me. Physical inactivity is a risk factor for many conditions experienced by the elderly. Exercise helps older people feel better and enjoy life more, even if they think they are too old or too out of shape (Ebersole et al., 2008). Gerontological continuing education programs should contain a core component on the prevention of deconditioning (Gillis MacDonald, 2008). It should focus on diagnosis and assessment of risk for deconditioning, prevention, interventions, and strategies for the patient and family teaching. I believe that due to her inactivity, or lack of mobility, her routine was rather repetitive; get up, vitals, bed bath, get dressed, get into whee lchair and sit there until she wanted to go back to bed. A persons need for activity/inactivity is fundamental and central to ones life, as it affects the ability to move about and interact with his or her environment and to control ones external surroundings (Watson, 2008). To maintain competency in the field, the nurse must use his or her knowledge, skill, judgment, attitudes, values and beliefs to perform in a given role, situation and practice setting (CNO, 2002). It is important to establish best practices in gerontology and implement them in a consistent manner to improve the knowledge of nurses. This will enhance the confidence level and provide to the elderly the quality care that they deserve. The other lower orders of need of Watsons that will be discussed in this paper is sexuality and intimacy. Touch affects almost anything we do; all humans require touch (Ebersole et al., 2008). To a palliative patient in a hospital or in a nursing home, they tend to lose the sense of touch, which can be a form of comfort or help decrease anxiety, from their loved ones, due to them passing on or the distance put between the patient and the remaining family members. Hollinger and Buschmann (1993) proposed that attitudes toward touch and acceptance of touch affect the behaviour of both caregiver and patient. As a nurse, either a task related touch, or even an expressive form of a touch such as holding the patients hand will show a supportive nature, and that is all the patient requires, a form of touch and belonging. When working with my patient, although she had a few family members who did come to visit her, they lived a bit farther away so travelling to pay a visit was a challenge. With her diagnosis of dementia, she also tended to not remember clearly. She told me various times that everyone just forgot about her, no one cared and she was stuck in the hospital until she was gone. She did not lack the companionship of others; she just tended to forget about it sometimes. Nurses provide health services to an increasing number of older adults in acute care settings (Turner et al., 2001). Although there are many patients requiring care in either a nursing home or on a geriatrics ward of a hospital, every patient requires the companionship of others, especially if the patient does not have visitors to come. Just a couple minutes taken out of your day to talk with, or give a back rub to a patient is all they need rather than being stuck with a window to look out of, or a roommate that does not want to talk, or sleeps all day. We all need each other to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Nurses need to think about touching as part of caring (Ebersole et al., 2008). A nursing intervention that could be helpful to improve this order of is the type of culture that you were born into. It will give you the experience you need and will have a large influence on your comfort level with touching others. Be sure to assess a patients readiness to being touched with a social touch. Enhance the knowledge and skills of staff nurses in providing care to elderly patients (Turner et al., 2001). One cannot enter into and sustain Caritas practices for caring-healing without being personally prepared (Watson, 2008). Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting caring relationship is one of Watsons Caritas Processes (2008). For a nurse to be personally prepared means knowing and understanding the practice to which will be carried out and providing the best safe, competent, quality care to which the patient deserved. For this process to be carried out in regards to caring for an elderly patient would be to be a positive role model who understands the job description and articulates professional practice while providing care. As a nurse, the best way to provide care to any patient, no matter what the diagnosis is to develop a caring relationship of skills and caring competencies, not necessarily about the technique. As a nursing student, while I was caring for the patient I described above, although I learned the technique to take vital signs, perform a bed bath, and perform asse ssments, it is about the relationship which I form with my patient. From the beginning, ensure that the patient feels a sense of trust and feels care, not just the sense from the nurse this is my job, Im just doing my job and leaving, making the patient suffer the consequences of noncaring such as fear, helpless, and vulnerable. Authentic caring relationship building is concerned with deepening our humanity; it is about processes of being-becoming more humane, compassionate, aware, and awake to our own and others human dilemma. Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings is another of Watsons Caritas Processes (2008). The first priority nurses should consider when caring for patients is their health and safety. In order to do this, a nurse must be open and supportive of the care that is being given to the patient. It is through being present to and allowing constructive expression of all feelings that we create a foundation for trust and caring (Watson, 2008). When caring for my patient described above, there was a moment where she was having negative feelings about being in her wheelchair. I allowed her to express all her thoughts and opinions on the issue she was having and from there, using communication and problem solving, together we were able to solve her problem. The best way to achieve a solution when dealing with a client with a problem is through the connection with the patient. A nursing intervention is to allow the patient to express his or her feelings , whether they are positive or negative. By allowing the facilitation of expression, the nurse permits the process of personal expression and acceptance of ones feelings while also creating an awareness of feelings put out into the open to release and form a constructive way to deal with them. The nurse can provide the older adult with a therapeutic environment that supports the clients independence (Arnold Boggs, 2007). Make sure the client feels safe both physically and emotionally to open up and express the problem and ensure that the problem will be resolved if both the client and nurse collaborate together to fix it. While caring for clients during clinical, we learn hands-on skills, experience things first hand, make mistakes and learn from them, and provide the best quality care to patients. The best parts of caring for the older patients are the conversations, positive attitudes, even though they are in a hospital and the encouragement they give. The encouragement that our group of nursing students will be great nurses, and have the qualities of a good nurse to provide safe, competent, quality care. Given the increase age of population and the small decrease in the number of family physicians, we need to do a better job preventing frailty and common conditions of aging (Frank, 2010). This can be done through advocacy and health promotion. Enjoy the interactions with the elderly people as a special part of providing care. The caring component of nursing practice has become an increasingly visible activity of nursing (Clarke, 2007). Patients expect nurses to provide treatment to assist with heal th promotion, but they also expect to receive safe, competent care. The patients do not want to feel that they are a hassle, or are looked down upon because of a disease or diagnosis. A nurse must respect each individual need and not pass judgment. The role of a nurse is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him or her; caring, healing, loving relationships are natural (Nightingale, 1969).

The Caucasian Chalk Circle Essay -- English Literature

The Caucasian Chalk Circle - Plot Notes. Scene 1 Representatives from two kolchos villages meet to decide who should have control of a valley that was taken from the Galinsk kolchos by the Rosa Luxemburg kolchos during the war. They argue it out and finally agree on a proposal from the agronomist in favour of the Rosa Luxemburg keeping the valley as they could put it to better use. A singer is invited to perform a story to help them with their problem. This is called "The Chalk Circle" and starts in scene two. Scene 2 The singer introduces the governor, Georgi Abashvili and his family and entourage. We also meet Prince Kazbeki outside the church. Everyone goes into the church. When they return Prince Kazbeki has set up an ambush to capture the governor who is killed. The governor's wife runs away leaving behind her son. In the mean time we meet Grusha Vachnadze, a kitchen maid, and Simon Chachava, a soldier of the palace guard. Simon proposes to Grusha, who accepts, and but he then has to leave with the governors wife to protect her. Grusha sees that the child, Michael Abashvili, has been left behind, and, against her better judgement, takes him away with her to protect him. Scene 3 The singer tells us that Grusha is heading to the northern mountains with the child. She tries to buy her way onto a caravansary with two rich ladies by pretending to be rich herself, but the gives herself away by making up some beds. She is forced to run away to avoid the police. The singer tells us that Grusha is being followed by the Prince's Ironshirts. The Ironshirts are loud and crude, particularly the corporal. Grusha leaves Michael on the doorstep of a peasant woman's house. The peasant woma... ...ds before he was killed. Halfway through the trial Azdak loses interest and sees an old couple who want to divorce. Before he signs their divorce papers he goes back to Grusha's trial. He uses the test of the chalk circle, which involves standing the child in the middle of a circle and each woman trying to pull him out. Grusha lets go, the trial is repeated and she lets go again crying that she doesn't want to hurt him. Azdak gives Michael to Grusha and sends Natella away, declaring that her money will go to build a park for the children. Azdak signs a divorce for Grusha and her husband instead of the old couple and then steps down from his position as judge. Simon agrees to stay with Grusha and Michael and Azdak disappears. The singer declares that the moral of the story is that everything should go to those that are good for them.Document1

The Minimum Wage Should Be Increased Essay -- Minimum Wage Essays

Congress enacted the federal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higher income level reduces employee turnover and increases efficiency and ultimately, raising the minimum wage does not reduce employment. Even with high unemployment rates, the minimum wage is useful for the economy. Today "the federal minimum wage" is $7.25 per hour since July 24, 2009. It has failed to keep up with inflation. The real value of the minimum wage rose steadily from 1938 until its value reached a peak in 1968. Thereafter, it suffered severe erosion as Congress failed to adjust for the inflation over time. The minimum wage of $1.60 an hour in 1968 would be $10.47 today when adjusted for inflation. This means that the purchasing power of the minimum wage has decreased significantly over time. The current minimum wage is no longer enough to protect workers out of poverty. A person who earns the minimum wage and works full-time (40 hours/week, 52 weeks/year) only earns about $12,000 in a year. This is almost $7,000 below the poverty line for a family of three ($19,090) according to the federal poverty guidelines. As a result, the gap between poor and high-income families is continuously increasing, and taxpayers have to pay more for public assistance such as food stamps and Medicaid. I ncreasing the minimum wage can increase the annual income of low-income families and reduce the public assistance expenditures by g... ...litical Science, London, UK. Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania; David Card and Alan B. Krueger, The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 4 (Sep., 1994), pp. 772-793 The Effect of the Minimum Wage on the Fast-Food Industry; Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Oct., 1992), pp. 6-21 Minimum Wage Effects Across State Borders: Estimates Using Contiguous Counties; Arindrajit Dube, T. William Lester, and Michael Reich, Review of Economics and Statistics (2010) 92:4, 945-964 Do Minimum Wages Really Reduce Teen Employment?; ALLEGRETTO, S. A., DUBE, A. And REICH, M. (2011), Accounting for Heterogeneity and Selectivity in State Panel Data. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 50: 205–240. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00634.x

The Causes and Effects of World War I Essay -- Papers

The Causes and Effects of World War I In 1914 through 1918, the entire world was at war. Due to many small, and some great incidents, the world powers went to war. During the war there were many events that drastically affected the outcome. Some of these events were very influential. From the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the war was shaped by events like this. On June 28, 1914, the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Francis Ferdinand, and his wife entered their car. About five minutes later a blast rang out. A bomb had been throw in front of his car. A Serbian nationalist and member of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip, ran up to the car and, with two shots, killed the Archduke and his wife. When news of the murder reached Austria-Hungary, they thought that the Black Hand was in some way associated with the Serbian government. The Austria-Hungarians gave the Serbs and ultimatum. The Serbians agreed to all but one condition. This wasn't acceptable for the Austrian-Hungarians. They declared war on Serbia. The system of alliances soon took effect and had all the Allied countries declaring war on the Central Powers and vice versa. On May 7, 1915, A British ocean liner is sailing off the Irish coast. Onboard are about 1,200 people, 125 of which are Americans. They boarded despite the fact that the German government had warned Americans not to take British ships. Suddenly a torpedo hits the side of the ship. A German U-Boat, U-20, had shot at her. Within 20 minutes the British Liner was at the bottom taking over 1,000 souls. The sinking of the Lusitania was one of the major reasons the United States was drawn into World War I. It swayed American public opinion in favor of joining t... ...ed. Vladimir Lenin wanted to end the fighting so he accepted the German demands. The German demands were even harsher this time. Russia would lose Poland, the Baltic states, and recognize Finland, Ukraine, and Georgia as independent states. After the treaty was signed, Russia lost 25% percent of it's total area and population. Also, since Germany no longer had to worry about the Eastern Front they could commit more troops and weaponry to the Western Front. The five mentioned events are some of the most significant of the war. From beginning to end, the war was shaped by events like this. The Treaty of Versailles all but ended the fighting. During the course of the war over 10 million soldiers lost their lives and 20 million were wounded. As Europe was trying to rebuild, the League of Nations was created to prevent something like this from ever happening again.

Agricultural Land Conservation

Agricultural Land Conservation The issues of land distribution and land conservation in agriculture attract more and more attention, especially when the expansion of cropland is hitting a limit since much more land is conserved for environmental purposes. Soil erosion is devastating the topsoil of land as chemical fertilizers are used to increase output within a limited amount of land. At the same time, livestock production expands at an ever-growing speed, worsening the land use situation.Livestock production, nowadays, consumes a large portion of crop that could be distributed to serve for poor population. A taxation system in favor of production capacity and against environmental damages will encourage farmers to improve their production techniques. Proper regulations could not be emphasized more to make sure that a genuinely sustainable agriculture system will be built with animals to cycle nutrients. Cropland is the land that is suited to or used for crop production. Grazing lan d refers to a field covered with grass or herbage, and suitable for grazing by livestock.FAO is the abbreviation for The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, a specialized organization that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. NCGA is the abbreviation for National Corn Growers Association, which represents America’s corn growers. The expansion of cropland has limited potential due to environmental conservation. At present, more than one point five billion hectares is used for crop production, accounting for twelve percent of the globe’s land surface. According to FAO, there is little scope for further expansion of cropland.Despite the presence of considerable amounts of land potentially suitable for agriculture, much of it is covered by forests, protected for environmental reasons, or employed for unban settlements. Compared with livestock production, crop production requires soil that contains more fertile materials, which makes it harder to find suitable cropland. Livestock production is expected to slow down the rate of soil erosion and improve the quality of soil in the long term. In â€Å"Eroding Future,† published July-August 2011 in the Futurist, author Lester R.Brown reviews that people are liquidating the Earth’s natural assets to fuel their consumption and states that, â€Å"soil erosion exceeds soil formation on one-third of the world’s cropland, draining the land of its fertility† (24). With the presence of animals, the situation could be changed. Soil absorbs nutrients from animal manure, allowing grass and other crops to grow without the addition of synthetic fertilizer, which is the primary cause of soil erosion. Animals play a crucial role in keeping balance of the ecosystem. Livestock production expands at a super speed and occupies more land, leading to deforestation.The livestock sector is by far the single largest anthropogenic user of land. According to Julia Whitty, au thor of â€Å"Livestock Revolution Examined,† published March 16, 2010 in the Mother Jones, more than one point seven billion animals are used in livestock production worldwide, and they, â€Å"occupy more than one-fourth of the Earth’s land† (http://www. motherjones. com/blue-marble/2010/03/livestock-revolution-examined). Expansion of grazing land for livestock production is a key factor in deforestation. About seventy percent of grazing land in dry areas is considered degraded due to overgrazing.The presence of animals in a sustainable agriculture system results in further land use in order to feed them. Most livestock that are employed to enrich land with nutrients are fed with imported crops. If a farmer is not growing his own feed, the nutrients going into the soil are generated by eroding other cropland, thereby undermining the benefits of livestock production. James E. McWilliams, the author of â€Å"The Myth of Sustainable Meat,† published April 1 3, 2012 in the New York Times, argues that, â€Å"This kind of rotational grazing works better in theory than in practice† (A31).According to NCGA’s figures from 2010, more than forty percent of crops go into the mouths of animals that people then consume, in the process squandering huge amounts of resources. The limited increase in cropland and deforestation due to rapid expansion of livestock production require more efficient production plans, one of which is an agriculture income taxation system based on unit output of land. Instead of relying on income sources, such as livestock, grains, or other products, farmers’ income tax should be placed on production capacity of per unit of land.This not only encourages crop producers to increase their unit output of land against the declining potential of expanding cropland, but also discourages unorganized blindly exploitation of forested land. This system levies high tax rates on production income generated on new l and. To protect cropland from eroding, proper policies should be enacted to regulate animals feed to prevent further damages on land resources. Instead of feeding animals on farms with imported crops, they should be fed with crops grown on the same farms.Farmers who employ this practice should receive subsidies so that they will not be put into a dilemma where they have to choose between economic benefits and environmental benefits. Environment protection puts a halt on expanding cropland. To increase gross output of food, fertile lands are overused and losing their general production capacity. Nowadays, livestock production is to blame being the largest land user and land destroyer since it accelerates the process of deforestation. Lots of crops that are supposed to feed people are used to feed livestock, which is a huge waste of land resources.Hence, some tax regulations are proposed to help distribute the world’s usable lands to enhance unit production and avoid blind expl oitation. Crop-livestock production is favorable as long as policy makers devote to regulating the process. Works Cited Brown, Lester R. â€Å"Eroding Futures. † Futurist. July-August, 2011: 23-30. McWilliams, James E. â€Å"The Myth of Sustainable Meat. † New York Times. 13 April, 2012: 31. Whitty, Julia. â€Å"Livestock Revolution Examined. † Mother Jones. 16 March, 2010: http://www. motherjones. com/blue-marble/2010/03/livestock-revolution-examined.

1973 War Powers Act Essay

1. If no judicial court of authority, namely the United States Supreme Court, has stricken the 1973 War Powers Act and declared it null and void constitutionally, how is it that the authors of the text book are able to conclude Congress has few, if any, war powers remaining? How can this be? The law is the law, is it not? (Specifically, explain the political phenomenon that has occurred here and has similarly occurred in other legal and constitutional matters allowing the law to be ignored.) The authors of this text book are able to conclude that Congress has few, if any, war powers remaining because of historical actions. For instance, Congress has not declared war since December 1941, yet the US has been involved and engaged in many Military Campaigns since 1941 under the orders of the president. This situation seems to have come about via many different reasons. One of the reasons that this has happened according to our book was that presidents have claimed that they have inherent executive power to defend the nation. A second reason was that when Truman dispatched American forces to Korea without a congressional declaration, and in the face of the emergency, Congress felt it had to acquiesce, and so passed a resoloution approving the presidents actions. This became the pattern for future congressional-executive relations in the militay realm. 2. Attempting to think as objectively as possible and placing your political partisan beliefs aside (looking at presidents as just that, presidents, as opposed to Democratic or Republican presidents) what does the increase in presidential unilateral military power do to the United States as a nation, for better or worse? (There is no correct answer, yet think through the checks and balances consequences.) As the sign on President Truman’s desk, â€Å"The Buck Stops Here,† presidents throughout the years have adhered to their power as chief executive officer with leagal and constitutional responsiility to ensure that the articles of the Constitution are faithfully executed, along with the power to appoint, remove and supervise all executive officers etc, the president truly is the true CEO of the US. It seems that this power has been taken literally by the presidents dating all the way back to George Washington. The good in this happening is that one chief has say in wha t happens.

Dick Spencer Case Essay

Spencer was a plant manager of Modrow Company, a Canadian Branch of the Tri-American Corporation. Tri-American was a major producer of primary aluminum with integrated operations ranging from mining of bauxite through the processing to fabrication of aluminum into variety of products. The company had also made and sold refractories and industrial chemicals. The parent company had wholly owned subsidiaries in five separate United States locations and had foreign affiliates in fifteen different countries. Tri-American employed approximately 22,000 employees in the total organization. The company was governed by a board of directors. The board set general policy, which was then interpreted and applied by the various plant managers. This decentralization in organizational structure increased the freedom and authority of the plant managers, but increase the pressure for profitability. Spencer started his career in Tri-American Corporation as salesman and he succeeded. After two years of successful work as salesman, he became the symbol of what salesman have to be. In his career in Tri-American, he had worked as salesman, troubleshooter, assistant plant manager in English branch in London UK, plant manager in Birmingham in UK and his last position was plant manager of Modrow company in Canada. It was another challenging position in his career and he had faced few problems regarding to management, organization culture, organization conflict and organization innovation. †¢ Spencer was a plant manager of Modrow Company, a Canadian Branch of the Tri-American Corporation. †¢ Tri-American was a major producer of primary aluminum with integrated operations ranging from the mining of bauxite through the processing to fabrication of aluminum into a variety of products. The company had also made and sold refractories and industrial chemicals. The parent company had wholly owned subsidiaries in five separated US locations and had foreign affiliates in 15 different countries. Tri-American employed approximately 22,000 employees in the total organization. The company was governed by a board of directors, which included chairman, vice chairman, president and 12 vice presidents. Subsidiaries and branches are organized as independent companies and decisions are decentralized. †¢ The Modrow Branch was located in a border town in Canada. The total work force in Modrow was 1,000. This Canadian subsidiary was primarily a fabricating unit. Its main products were foil and building products such as roofing and siding. Problem: 1. Resistance to change by employees, this problem shows when Dick as the plant manager asked the worker why he was using the saw when the material could easily be bent fifted into the barrels, resulting in saving time and equipment. And then the worker said â€Å"We’ve never done it that way, sir. We’ve always cut it†. After all the power saw are removed from the scalp area in order to adjust new method of bending rather than cutting. A few day later Dick find out that workmen using hand shears to cut each strip to cut. 2. Process of Production Problems. In his new position as Plant Manager at Modrow, he found that construction was slower in completion than originally planned; equipment arrived before the building was finished, employees were upset about the extent of change expected in their work routines with the installation of additional machinery, and in general morale was at low ebb. 3. Culture Change Problem; there is the difference between American and British philosophy and performance within the plant. Here, he also found that his power and authority were less than those of his superiors, so he constantly found himself in the position of having to soft pedal or withhold suggestions that he would have liked to make, or innovations that he would have liked to introduce. After a frustrating year and a half, Dick was suddenly made plant manager of an old British company which had just been purchased by Tri-American. He left his first English assignments with mixed and moved from London to Birmingham. In Birmingham, he become a plant manager and operated much as he had in his troubleshooting job for the first couple of years of his change from sales to administration. He did some changes in Birmingham. Training and reduction programs were instituted for all supervisors and managers who survive the initial purge. He tried to focus/ control on relationship between production and the needs from sales by simplifying and redesign in order to increase profit. Later the company showed a small profit for the first time in many years. For this successfulness, then he requested transferred back to United States. 4. Cost Reduction Problem, by the end of his first year at Modrow, the building program had been completed, although behind schedule, the new equipment had been installed, and some revamping of cost procedures had been incorporated. But, the financial picture at this time showed as a loss. Later, all managers of the various divisions had worked closely with their supervisors and accountants in planning the budget for the following year. 5. Human Relations/ Interaction Problems When he worked through his first year as plant manager, Dick developed the habit of strolling around the organization. He was apt to leave his office and appear anywhere on the plant floor, in the design office and at the plant cafeteria rather than in the executive dining room, or wherever there was activity concerned with Modrow. At first his presence disturbed those who noted him coming and going, but later, the workers came to accept his presence and continue their usual activities. Supervisors, managers, and foreman, however, did not feel as comfortable when they saw him in the area. 6. Different corporate culture in Canada, even though Canada is located in same geopolitical areas, geographically and nationally Canada is different country and corporate culture is bit different from USA. And Dick Spencer is American manager who started his career in USA. As we can see from the case, Dick Spencer is basically very stunning to adapt different corporate culture in different countries such as UK and Canada plant career. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦ In recalling his first year at Modrow, Dick had felt constantly pressured and badgered. He always sensed that the Canadians he worked with resented his presence since he has brought in over the heads of the operating staff’. At the same time he felt this subtle resistance from his Canadian work force†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. 7. Organization conflict in Modrow plant, there was an obvious conflict between workers and Dick Spencer. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦ In recalling his first year at Modrow, Dick had felt constantly pressured and badgered. He always sensed that the Canadians he worked with resented his presence since he has brought in over the heads of the operating staff †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. In the other words, other workers couldn’t live up with Dick’s arrival in the company. 8. Corporate innovation management, at the time of Dick Spencer’s arrival in the Modrow Branch, there was a lack of good corporate innovation management. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦ Prior to Dick’s appointment as plant manager at Modrow, extensive plans for plant expansion and improvement had been approved and started. Altough he had not been in on the original discussions and plans, he inherited all the problems that accompany large-scale changes in any organization. Construction was slower in completion than originally planned, equipment arrived before the building was finished, employees were upset about the extent of change expected in their work routines with installation of additional machinery, and, in general, morale was a low ebb†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 9. Decentralization, basically this is American organization type and American one is more formalistic than European. Decentralization is basically increase the pressure from parent company management. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦ This decentralization in organizational structure increased the freedom and authority of the plant managers, but increased the pressure for profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 10. Lack of leadership for Dick Spencer, in terms of organization leader Dick Spencer shouldn’t include the all the works in the organization. He tried to do it by himself every single things and he aimed to attend every action. In terms of HRM, this is not good character for the good Leader. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦ As he worked through his first year as plant manager, Dick developed the habit of strolling around the organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This created the conflict between him and workers. Also this creates dis-approvement from workers. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦Supervisors, managers and foreman, however didn’t feel as comfortable when they saw him in the area†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 11. Lack of knowledge in Human resource and accounting knowledge, these two courses were disadvantage for Dick Spencer in this study in MBA and these two are very important for any organization. In the other way, he can find and hire someone who can do his unknowledgeable fields such as accounting and HR. 12. Too high expectation from management made pressure, we can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦he believed that the president and his friends in the home office were constantly on the alert, waiting for Dick to prove himself or fail flat on his face†¦