Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Healthcare

The population of United States of America is quite diverse as there is substantial numbers of African-American, Hispanic, Native American or Asian/Pacific Islander living here. The numbers of non whites is enormously increasing in the country. In 1900, one in eight American was non white but at present one in four is non white and it is estimated that by the year 2070, each one of two American will be non white. (US Census Bureau 2005) This changing composition of population is making differences in various sectors but the nation is facing an important challenge with respect to the biasness in healthcare.The overall healthcare of the country is impressively improving but this improvement is not being equally shared by all the racial and ethnic groups of nation. Non white population is getting divergent and low level medical treatment and care as compared with the white people and this difference has created healthcare disparities among the minorities. There are several causes behind these growing healthcare disparities among the minorities and several strategies have also been designed in order to cope up with this problem.This paper is proposing to conduct a quantitative research in order to highlight the root causes of healthcare disparities, strategies to overcome this problem and the attitude and role of the nation towards these disparities. The paper provides the background information, statistic data, need, purposes, significance and methodology of research. Introduction Disparity is â€Å"the condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree† and healthcare disparity refers to unsatisfactory situation when patients receive unequal medical treatment and care.When the medical care and treatment become unequal on racial and ethnic grounds, it gives rise to minorities healthcare disparities. Many researches have proved that in United States of America, people belonging to different races are not getting equal healthcare and the healthcar e disparities among the minorities is extensively increasing. The quality of medical care and treatment is different for minorities There are some basic factors responsible for this disparity like â€Å"differences in socioeconomic level i. e.income and education, language barriers, differences in health behaviors of consumers, lack of diversity in the health care workforce, lack of multi-cultural knowledge and actual discrimination and stereotyping by health care providers† (American Hospital Association). The death rate of African, South Asian, Hispania American due to severe diseases is considerably higher then that of white Americans. In order to avoid these disparities authentic researches are required that can highlight the problem areas and then design the strategies for improving the healthcare situation of minorities.A research study is proposed in order to find out the role of healthcare provider in promoting these healthcare disparities. The research will focus on the behaviors of nation especially the healthcare providers and their practice pattern in order to point out their contribution towards amplifying these disparities. It will be a qualitative research; a survey of major healthcare units where the health care providers (doctors and medical staff) and the patients (both White and Non-Whites) will be questioned about the issue.The research will focus on the points that how the people are responding towards the strategies designed for reducing the healthcare disparities among the minority population, how much the working pattern of healthcare provider has changed for minorities, how the white people are changing their attitude for non whites and weather the victims (minority population) are feeling any difference in their treatment and care or not. The data will be access to get the key findings which will be use in order to develop future strategies for preventing and minimizing the minorities healthcare disparities.The research will co ntain an introduction, background information, Statistical Data, Finding of the survey, Analysis and results, discussion, proposed strategies and conclusion. The problems statement or hypothesis for the research will be â€Å"Is our nation doing enough to reduce racial and ethnic disparity in healthcare? † Background Information There is great rise in healthcare discrimination for minorities in United States. Despite the improved national healthcare situation, the minority population is facing more problems regarding their health.Following is the background information about the health condition of African Americans, Hispanics, South Indian and Native Americans, and islanders. The infant mortality rate is going down in America but the African American still have a high infant mortality rate which is almost double than the white Americans. â€Å"Heart disease death rates are more than 40 percent higher for African Americans than for whites. The death rate for all cancers is 3 0 percent higher for African Americans than for whites; for prostate cancer, it is more than double that for whites.African American women have a higher death rate from breast cancer despite having a mammography screening rate that is nearly the same as the rate for white women. The death rate from HIV/AIDS for African Americans is more than seven times that for whites; the rate of homicide is six times that for whites. During 2001-2004, 68% of all women reported with AIDS were African American; among men, just under half (44%) of the new cases of HIV and AIDS were in African Americans. Lupus is three times more common in African American women than in white women.African American women tend to develop symptoms at an earlier age than other women, and have more severe organ problems, especially with their kidneys. † (Health People 2010) The Hispanic population is also facing low level medical care which has resulted in their poor health conditions. Among the new cases of tuberc ulosis registered in America during 1996, almost 20% were Hispanic. The number of Hispanic Americans dieing from diabetes is almost double then the non Hispanics.They also have high blood pressure and obesity rate as compared with non Hispanics. â€Å"Only 18% of Hispanics with high blood pressure have this condition under control, compared with 30% of whites. Type 2 diabetes is being diagnosed more often in Hispanic children and adolescents than in the past. Only 42% of Hispanics aged 65 years or older receive a pneumonia or annual flu shot, compared with 63% of whites. Only 28% receive the pneumonia shot, compared with 61% of whites.Hispanics have the second highest rate of HIV/AIDS diagnoses and account for 18% of all HIV/AIDS cases. In 2004, non-Hispanic black persons were less likely than non-Hispanic white persons to have received a flu shot during the past 12 months (Non-Hispanic black: 32. 9%; Non-Hispanic white: 50. 9%), and were also less likely to have ever received a pn eumococcal vaccination (Non-Hispanic black: 38. 6%; Non-Hispanic white: 60. 9%)†. (CDC, 2007) The American Indians and Alaska natives are also the minority nations having bad health conditions.The diabetes and infant mortality rate is almost double among them as compared with the white Americans. â€Å"The Pima of Arizona have one of the highest rates of diabetes in the world. American Indians and Alaska Natives also have disproportionately high death rates from unintentional injuries and suicide. † (CDC) The health condition of Asians and Pacific Islanders is considered as â€Å"one of the healthiest population groups in the United States† but there are still data that proves that this population is also facing healthcare diversities.For example â€Å"the women of Vietnamese origin suffer from cervical cancer at nearly five times the rate for white women. New cases of hepatitis and tuberculosis also are higher in Asians and Pacific Islanders living in the Unite d States than in whites. Pacific Islanders are more than twice as likely as whites to receive a diagnosis of diabetes. Although the estimated HIV/AIDS rate among Pacific Islanders is the lowest in the United States compared with all other racial and ethnic groups, the rate increased an average of 9% each year during 2001–2004.† (Healthy People 2010) There are many diseases which are very common among the minorities and causing high death rates among them. These diseases include Infant Mortality, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, Mental Problems, Cancer, Heart Diseases, Diabetes, Immunizations and HIV AIDS. These diseases are effecting the health situation of minorities at large for example, the â€Å"African-American, American Indian, and Puerto Rican infants have higher death rates than white infants. In 2000, the black-to-white ratio in infant mortality was 2. 5 (up from 2. 4 in 1998).African-American women are more than twice as likely to die of cervical cancer as are white women and are more likely to die of breast cancer than are women of any other racial or ethnic group. In 2000, rates of death from diseases of the heart were 29 percent higher among African-American adults than among white adults, and death rates from stroke were 40 percent higher. In 2000, American Indians and Alaska Natives were 2. 6 times more likely to have diagnosed diabetes compared with non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans were 2. 0 times more likely, and Hispanics were 1.9 times more likely. African Americans and Hispanics accounted for 66 percent of adult AIDS cases and 82 percent of pediatric AIDS cases reported in the first half of that year† (NCHS 2002) whereas In 2001, Hispanics and African Americans aged 65 and older were less likely than Non-Hispanic whites to report having received influenza and pneumococcal vaccines (MMWR, 2002) The mental problems of the minorities are also an important point of concern as â€Å"American Indians and Alaska Natives appear t o suffer disproportionately from depression and substance abuse.Minorities have less access to, and availability of, mental health services. Minorities are less likely to receive needed mental health services. Minorities in treatment often receive a poorer quality of mental health care. Minorities are underrepresented in mental health research. † (Mental Health Report 1999) In 2002, 50 percent of those infected with Hepatitis B was Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Black teenagers and young adults become infected with Hepatitis B three to four times more often than those who are white.One recent study has found that black people have a higher incidence of Hepatitis C infection than white people. (Department of Health and Human Services) Of all the TB cases reported from 1991-2001, almost 80 percent were in racial and ethnic minorities. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders accounted for 22 percent of those cases, even though they made up less than four percent of the U. S . population. (NCHSTP Division of TB Elimination) Medical Care and Treatment of MinoritiesThe poor health condition of the minorities is caused by unequal medical treatment and care. The minority people are in great need for better medical facilities because they are suffering from severe diseases at higher rates but there is not proper access of minorities to the healthcare facilities. Some factors are responsible for this issue like â€Å"lack of health insurance, an inadequate number of health care facilities, patient dumping, difficulty in obtaining prescription drugs and an insufficient number of African-American doctors.† (Cara A. Fauci, 1996) There is lack of medical facilities availability to the minority population for example, the â€Å"African Americans are 13 percent less likely to undergo coronary angioplasty and one-third less likely to undergo bypass surgery than are whites, Among preschool children hospitalized for asthma, only 7 percent of black and 2 percen t of Hispanic children, compared with 21 percent of white children, are prescribed routine medications to prevent future asthma-related hospitalizations.The length of time between an abnormal screening mammogram and the follow up diagnostic test to determine whether a woman has breast cancer is more than twice as long in Asian American, black, and Hispanic women as in white women. African Americans with HIV infection are less likely to be on antiretroviral therapy, less likely to receive prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia, and less likely to be receiving protease inhibitors than other persons with HIV.An HIV infection data coordinating center, now under development, will allow researchers to compare contemporary data on HIV care to examine whether disparities in care among groups are being addressed and to identify any new patterns in treatment that arise. Asian American, Hispanic, and African American residents of nursing homes are all far less likely than white residents to ha ve sensory and communication aids, such as glasses and hearing aids. A new study of nursing home care is developing measures of disparities in this care setting and their relationship to quality of care.† (AHRQ Fact Sheet 2000) Following is the chart that shows the total number of deaths in America during the year 2001 and the ratio of different minorities’ death due to different diseases. The Need to Conduct the Study: The above stated information clearly throws the light on the situation of minorities’ health in United States. The current scenario is not very positive and hopeful for the people living in US, belonging to different races and ethnicity. The situation demands the attention of scholars and social scientists to work for its betterment.Research studies are greatly needed in the field of healthcare disparities of minorities because the results of the researcher will work for formulating strategies that can reduce the disparities and make the situation better. To eliminate the racial and ethnic discrimination in healthcare sectors it is very necessary to have a research support so that there could be a better understanding of healthcare disparities among the government, healthcare providers, insurers, employers, hospital staff, physicians, patients and general public.Several researches have been conducted with the aim to minimize the healthcare disparity. These researches worked out for authentic data and strategic plans but despite all that there is no significant improvement in this field. Now a research is much needed to know the impact of previously taken steps so that the new plans can be designed. There is a great need to know weather those steps and strategies are working or not. It is required to find out the response of public towards the strategies and steps that have been taken in order to create awareness among people about the healthcare disparities of minorities.The change in the working pattern of healthcare provid ers and their behaviors towards the minorities is also need to be found out. All these requirements can be fulfilled by this proposed study as it is intended to focus upon the nation’s role in minimizing minorities’ healthcare disparities. It is also required to measure the differences in the medical treatment given to the people of different races so that a clear picture of the issue could be achieved.The report of the proposed research will also provide authentic data and detailed background information of the issue that will aid in formulating policies for the betterment of the sector. The Purpose and Objective of Research The research study is aimed at improving the healthcare conditions of minorities in United States by expanding the information about the minorities’ healthcare with reference to particular diseases like heart problem, cancer, AIDS and infant mortality etc.It will point out the main diseases and their relative medical care conditions for the minority people. This data will help in the formulation of health policy for the minorities also it will throw the light on the main health problems among minorities that could make them conscious about their health. The study will be directed by the objective of enhancing the understanding of issue at national and governmental level and to underline the negative consequences of the issues so that there could be great awareness about reducing the disparities.Through the study people will be insisted to change their thinking about the minorities and changing their behaviors. The healthcare providers who discriminates the minority people will be accessed and they were asked to analyze their attitude towards minorities. Their personal analysis of their attitude could be helpful in making changes in their way of thinking and as a result there could be betterment in situation for the non white and low income people who are not getting proper medical care from them.The purpose of the stu dy is also to investigate people about their troubles and to point out the major problem areas like language barrier or other so that the monitory population will also get some idea to overcome this discrimination. The survey could be a great opportunity for the minorities to express their thinking and to share their experiences. It will develop a communication link among different people of the society. The principle factors responsible for the disparities among the racial and ethnic groups will also come in front of people, as a result of this study.In short the purpose of the study is to get a better understanding of the minorities healthcare disparities and to find out the ways for the reduction of this disparity. It will be a systematic approach and managed effort for minimizing the minorities healthcare disparities. Significance of the Research The research will focus on the purpose of eliminating the healthcare disparities among minorities. The study will work to collect the data related to the issue from all possible sources then its analysis and interpretation for digging out some points that can help in making situation better.This effort will result in the gathering of complete authentic background information about the issue that will be helpful for the other scholars intended to work in the field. The data will also provide the students of this field a deep and detailed view of the issue. The systematically gathered data about the health condition and medical care will facilitate the policy making people and while formulating the health policy for minorities, it will be significant to know their health condition with respect to several diseases and their treatment.The major problems area will be identified easily. The research is proposed to done in quantities method and the data gathered through the survey from different people will provide a picture about the thinking and interpretation of the issue. The social scientists and psychologists can a lso dig out some solutions from the thinking style of people and they can also work for changing people behaviors and their perception of the issue.Some researches have been done by different organizations that focused on minority healthcare disparities and strategic plan for their reduction. Many of the researches are done under the supervision of credible organizations. A research was conducted by the â€Å"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality – AHRQ† in the year 2003, under the name of â€Å"National Healthcare Disparities Report†. The National Healthcare Disparities Report is the â€Å"national comprehensive effort to measure differences in access and use of health care services by various populations.The report includes a broad set of performance measures that can serve as baseline views of differences in the use of services. The report presents data on differences in the use of services, access to health care, and impressions of quality for seven cl inical conditions, including cancer, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, heart disease, HIV and AIDS, mental health, and respiratory disease as well as data on maternal and child health, nursing home and home health care, and patient safety.It also examines differences in use of services by priority populations. † (AHRQ) The 2003 report is also available online at http://www. qualitytools. ahrq. gov/disparitiesreport/2003/download/download_report. aspx. Another research â€Å"Racism and Health Care in America: Legal Responses to Racial Disparities in the Allocation of Kidneys† was conducted by Cara A.Fauci in the year 1996 which â€Å"proposes and analyzes various responses to disparities in kidney allocation on the basis of race including public education, organ donation publicity campaigns, presumed consent to donation laws, the creation of criteria for placement on an United Network for Organ Sharing kidney allocation waiting list, alteration of kidney allocation gui delines, and litigation under both the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution and Title VI of the Civil Rights of 1964. † This report is also available online at http://www. bc. edu/bc_org/avp/law/lwsch/journals/bctwj/21_1/02_TXT.htm Another research is done by AHRQ â€Å"Strategies for Improving Minority Healthcare Quality†. The research is focused at developing scientific information for other agencies and organizations on which to base clinical guidelines, performance measures, and other quality improvement tools. Contractor institutions review all relevant scientific literature on assigned clinical care topics and produce evidence reports and technology assessments, conduct research on methodologies and the effectiveness of their implementation, and participate in technical assistance activities (AHRQ Fact Sheet)The Hypothesis or Problem Statement and Introduction of Research The research study will focus on the nation’s awareness about the minorities’ healthcare disparities and will focus on the attitude and thinking ways of general public and healthcare providers. The problems statement or hypothesis for the research will be â€Å"Is our nation doing enough to reduce racial and ethnic disparity in healthcare? The problem statement will be expresses in the questionnaire.A survey will be done among the healthcare providers, white Americans and non white Americans in which they will be asked to express their views about the role of nation for reducing the disparities of health care. It will be evaluated weather there is complete awareness among the people about the issue or not. The strategies designed by different research organizations are successful in changing nation’s way of thinking or not. The general public also has discrimination with each other and do the white people think it is justify carrying on the discrimination with non whites.Method and Introduction of the Research Study The research st udy will be quantitative. It will be a survey which is to be conducted among the healthcare providers and general public. Keeping in view the problem statement, a survey questionnaire would be designed. The questionnaire will consists of more then 5 questions which will be aimed at finding out the people opinions and thinking about the issue. Most of the questions will be multiple choices and in some there would be open field for people to express their views.The main question would be the same; the problem statement with sub questions i. e. â€Å"Is our Nation Doing enough to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Healthcare? † a) The behavior of healthcare providers varies for people of different races and ethnicity or not? b) Is there any impact of strategies planned reducing the minorities’ healthcare disparities? After the making of questionnaire, the universe for the survey would be decided; the number of people to be questioned, their geography, demography, age, sex, profession, race etc.Survey sampling is an important part of research in which it would be decided that what would be the criteria for selecting the people from different groups either they will be picked randomly or every 10th or 20th listed in the telephone directory or other population statistical data catalog. The data gathering could be through telephone, through internet and preferably by meeting them personally. The people can be accessed in the hospitals, clinics, offices or homes.After getting the entire questionnaire filled by the decided number of people, the next step would be finding out the results. Once the results came out they can be analyze in different ways, with respect to race and ethnicity, with respect to age, with respect to gender or with respect to profession or locality. After analyzing the key findings of the results will be use to presenting result summary of the research. The key finding will help in formulating the strategies for the betterment of situation.there would be a discussion on the finding and proposed strategies as well as the impact of previous strategies. A conclusion would windup the research report. Contents of Research Thesis with Proposed References List In the beginning there would be an Abstract and Acknowledgement. The theses will be consisting of main chapters including Introduction, Background information and Statistical Data, Research Methodology, Research Findings or Results of the Study, Discussion, Proposed Strategies, Conclusion and Appendix.The â€Å"Introduction† will throw light on the whole theses. It will contain basic information about the issue, the need and purpose of research study, its significance, and the outcome. The introduction is an important part of the thesis. It should be compact and comprehensive. In the next section â€Å"Back ground Information and Statistical Data† there would be complete factual information about the situation of healthcare disparities related to minorities. There would be history indicating that the problem is not very new but it has deep roots inside history.After history there will be present picture of the issue; the ratio of different racial and ethnic groups in the population of United States and their health condition. The situation of present healthcare of minorities with regard to major diseases and their respective treatment will also be including in the background information. The quality of medical care available for different ethnic and racial groups would be an important point to focus upon. The statistical data will comprise of charts and tables indicating different diseases among minorities and death rates compared with white people.The thirds section â€Å"Research Methodology† will describe the entire method of conducting research. It will include the problem statement, questionnaire, survey sampling, data gathering tools and methods. It will also inform about demography and geography of the peopl e included in the study, the number of people questioned, the number of questions asked, the method of conducting survey either through telephone, internet, post or personal meetings. After the methodology, the next section will be the â€Å"Research findings† or â€Å"Results of the Survey†.In this section there would be included the statistical data that came out from the survey questionnaires. The opinion of people would be included in percentages with respect to their race, age, geography and profession or income group. The results will clarify the study finding and highlight the public opinion. The next section i. e. â€Å"Discussion† will contain the analysis of the findings of the survey. This is the main part of the theses where the result finding will be use to analyze the current situation and the impact of previously formulated strategies.The discussion will throw the light on the current condition of minority healthcare disparities. The discussion wi ll be followed by the â€Å"Proposed Strategies† where there will be suggestions about the steps that could be taken in order to reduce the disparities in minority healthcare and to create better awareness in nation about the problem. In the â€Å"Conclusion† the whole thesis would be windup. It will be the end of research report which will sum up all the information, data, findings, discussion and proposals made within the theses.

Analysis of Saab

Saab is an acronym for Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget. The company was founded in Sweden in 1937 for the purpose of building aircrafts for the Swedish Air Force during World War II. After the war ended, Saab entered the automobile industry and relocated to Trollhattan where they are still located today. Saab is well diversified producing products in five different business units: Aeronautics, Dynamics, Electronic Defense Systems, Security and Defense Solutions, and Support and Services. Saab was acquired by General Motors in 1990 who then sold the rights to Spyker Cars in 2010. Target Consumer: Saabs’ target market is labeled as â€Å"postmodern individualists† who create their own style rather than following others. These individuals are considered well-educated and usually live in urban areas. They seek a car that is simple, delivers quality performance, and provides outstanding safety. The car driving experience is built around the idea of providing pleasure for the driver. Saab’s main markets include Sweden, United States, and the United Kingdom. Competitors: Saab competes with many well established brands and companies in each of its main markets. The Volkswagen Group which owns; Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, SEAT, Skoda, and of course Volkswagen is one of Saabs’ numerous competitors. They also compete with BMW, Volvo and Daimler AG who makes Mercedes. Saab has been struggling to revive slumping sales in the US market for some time. Their lack of ability to create a distinctive design and finding the right price tags are some of the reasons they have found it difficult to compete as a luxury brand. Industry Analysis: The automobile industry as a whole has taken a hit since the global economic downturn and has created an uphill battle for Saab ever since. In 2008 the Swedish government had to provide financial assistance to both Volvo and Saab due to the automotive industry crisis. These events have taken a toll on Saabs output and performance within the industry. In February of 2009 General Motors, Saabs owners at the time warned that Saab may fail should the Swedish government not intervene again. Struggling to maintain a stable financial intake Saab was forced to close down its manufacturing plants and again seek financial aid outside of the company. Saab’s capacity to preserve a stable imagine as it moves forward is critical to future success in the competitive automobile industry. SWOT Analysis: After taking a look at Saab’s strengths, one of its strongest is its ability to innovate. As stated earlier, Saab offers a variety of products ranging from military defense, aeronautics, civil security products, and automobiles. Saab has demonstrated several first mover advantages throughout its history. For instance, Saab created the first car standardized with fitted seatbelts in 1958. More recently, they introduced cross-wheel drive in 2008. In general, Saab emphasizes safety in the production of its cars, satisfying its customers by creating a safe vehicle is one of Saabs key strengths. A few other strengths include brand loyalty as well as foreign brand strength. With strengths also comes weaknesses, and one of Saabs biggest weakness is its small market share. Its automobiles are only marketed in select countries and to a certain consumer. This is probably a key reason why the company has been losing sales, causing them to recently halt production due to insufficient funds owed to their suppliers. This has been leading to work stoppages along with Saab missing sales targets. This can drastically hurt the company’s brand image and further damage sales in the future. Saab is also caught in the middle of prices with competition. Majority of its cars are not priced towards the lower or upper bounds in the market. Forecasting Saab’s opportunities in the future all does not seem to be lost. If Saab is able to establish a form of credit and investment from outside resources, the company can get back on its feet. Saab’s main focus now should be to move into new markets and attempt to capture market share. With recent news and talks of securing money from Chinese investors, Saab should act on this opportunity. By partnering with the Chinese, Saab will have access to the Asian markets which can potentially generate new market share and sales. They also have the potential to gain manufacturing innovations which can lead to cost savings as well as technological advancements. Saab is still a company with many threats however. If Saab is unable to capture market share, it will be difficult for them to recover. Key Issues: As mentioned earlier, Saab Automobile was forced to stop making cars because of a dispute with their suppliers about payment. The vice president of global sales at Saab hoped the issue would be resolved within a week so the carmaker could get the needed parts and resume vehicle assembly. This incident was the result of Saab’s component makers halting deliveries and demanding payment. Saab did not have the cash to pay their suppliers, so a loan was needed. It is important for a manufacturing company to maintain a good relationship with their suppliers. Saab was unable to do that and it hurt the production of their cars. Innovation is also important for Saab, they should continue to innovate new safety features and improve the performance of their vehicles to achieve a competitive edge. Recommendations: Since the major issue for Saab right now is lack of liquidity, the first recommendation for Saab is to get more funding from the European Investment Bank. Bringing a new Russian bank could be a good idea and building trust to enhance investment. Unfortunately, Saab’s financial plan is quite dependent on the government policy which makes it more difficult for Saab to be flexible in its decision making. It is very important that Saab maintains better communication and trust with its suppliers to increase a good reputation and a basis to demand longer deadlines for payment. In addition, there might be some operational issues or supply chain unbalance, which could be the cause of lack of leadership. This could be the result of their illiquidity. In this case, this is now high time for Saab to actually look over its operation and whole procurement process, apply lean manufacturing, and figure out the root of the problem.

An Overview Of Life Satisfaction Literatures Social Work Essay

An Overview Of Life Satisfaction Literatures Social Work Essay This chapter begins with literatures about life satisfaction and important personal and situational predictors of life satisfaction in older persons, then in order to provide a theoretical background for this study attempt to define the most important components of structural and functional support. The next portion will focus on the ways in which significant personal and situational characteristics might affect on structural and functional components. The focus will then shift to the effect of structural and functional components specifically on life satisfaction. And finally specific theories and models that have been proposed to explain the role of structural and functional components in the life satisfaction of older adults will be addressed. Over the past few years, the world’s population has continued on its remarkable transition from a state of high birth and death rates to one characterized by low birth and death rates. At the heart of this transition has been the gro wth in the number and proportion of older persons. Such a rapid, large, and ubiquitous growth has never been seen in the history of civilization (Norman mood, happiness, life satisfaction, and morale. Factors such as morale, life satisfaction and happiness are considered to be important in determining subjective well-being in the elderly (Kim, Hisata, Kai, and second as an internal and subjective perception, the individuals’ evaluation of their lives, the second approach is now more widely used (Miller, 1997). Life satisfaction is a very personal assessment, one must decide one’s own life satisfaction criteria. Two individuals may share very similar lives, and one may find life satisfactory and the other may not (Quadhamer, 1999). Havighurst proposed that measuring life satisfaction as an â€Å"inner† assessment was a better measure of successful aging. Such a measure would accommodate individual differences in conceptions and values of growing older. Specific ally, the individual whose personality most values an active life style could be as satisfied with his life as one who is more passive (Havighurst, 1961).

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 20

International Business - Essay Example A political union will lead to loss of sovereignty reducing the control that the countries have over key policies. NAFTA has enabled a tremendous increase in trade between member countries to over 400%. Exports and investment flows have increased highly (Aguilar, 2012). NAFTA has helped to build stronger political bonds between the countries leading to improved foreign policy (Benka, 2014). These include the Organization of American States, Latin American Integration Association, Andean Community of Nations and the Rio Group in South America. In Asia Pacific they include Asia Pacific Economic Integration, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, South Asian Association of Regional Integration and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (Lo, 2015). Economic blocs could create trade barriers and increased tariffs against non-member countries. Integration leads to a shift in work force leading to reduced economic growth in the native country. Integration also leads to partial loss of political sovereignty to member states. Regional integration leads to reduced trade with countries outside the economic bloc while increasing trade with members of the integration. This could lead to higher costs of importing or exporting goods in trade between member countries and non-member states. Regional integration has the effect of reducing foreign investment in non-member countries. Integration leads to trade diversion caused by higher taxes and tariffs for non-member countries that will pursue trade outside the bloc (CAC, 2008). Preferential Trade which incorporates reduced customs duties among members as compared to non-members. A Free Trade Area which abolishes tariffs and quotas on trade among members but each member state retains control over their economic policy. A Customs Union incorporates free trade policies and a common customs tariff against non-members. Members have to pass common external tariff legislations. A Common Market permits free

The Use of Social Media by the Sports Organizations Assignment

The Use of Social Media by the Sports Organizations - Assignment Example Professional sports organizations include; need to curb corruption in sports organizations, dispute resolution between league members, and administration of punishment to players whose conduct become detrimental to the integrity of the game or league. The powers of the commissioner to administer punishment to offenders are granted under the â€Å"best interest† authority. There are several factors that are likely to influence organizational change in NFL that include; promising economy, social media, and internal policies. First, according to Sports Xchange (2015, p.6), NFL and its 32 teams recorded a total of $1.07 billion in sponsorship revenue; a 5.7% increase from the year 2012. The economy is expected to continue raising for the period of the next five years. Therefore, the organization of NFL will have to change to increase accountability of all officials in order to assure the sponsors of effective management of the financial resources. Secondly, NFL has been experiencing increasing influence of social media to determine public opinion on various decisions. For instance, fans are allowed to use the Twitter handles @NFL or @NFLCommish to express their feelings about any major decisions made by the League’s officials. This trend is likely to continue for the next five years hence forcing the organization to change how it makes its major d ecisions to avoid negative critics that might damage the reputation of the league. Thirdly, the Leagues internal policies have been changing over time. For instance, the personal-conduct policy has undergone through various changes hence forcing the commissioner to adapt to new ways of making judgments. This trend will force the Leagues organization to change within the next five years in order to accommodate the changing policies. However, the change might be refrained by the internal conflicts that are currently being faced in the League between Roger Goodell and other stakeholders.

The Ides of March by George Clooney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ides of March by George Clooney - Essay Example   Some of the gossip about certain indignities including bribery or corruption, sex scandals, blackmail and altering their visions and course of history by compelling the voters to compromise their values and principles, by doing so, the candidates end up making sacrifices so that they can survive in the race and hopefully win in the end.The idea for the theme and plot of this movie traces back to the historical 2004 elections. It is a condemnation of the small minded politicians in the country, and an eye-opener to the public that there is something greater inside all of us, therefore, we should not be swayed by what we see and compromise our values, but stick to our beliefs and vote for the right people. It is also a reflection of the cost one has to pay for conducting business, in a world filled with people who are ready to bring down and kill each other in whichever manner, just for the opportunity to be in control of what and who remain. When Barrack Obama was vying for the pr esidency under the Democratic flag, there were high anticipations of him clinching the chair, and that would be the most exhilarating event to occur to the party, after the death of John F. Kennedy. However, the hash of the reality of the past few years messed up the optimism everyone had, but Obama managed to become victorious. In relation to the movie, it is a depiction of a long, hard journey from mere hope to struggling to survive, just as Obama did. In conclusion, the theme of the movie is about a politician who seems different from others.

Diagnostic Radiography Medical Imaging Exam Question Essay

Diagnostic Radiography Medical Imaging Exam Question - Essay Example It also contains three small metallic filters - usually copper, cadmium, and aluminum – placed in different portions of the case to help distinguish among higher energy photons. Each of the metals attenuates photons of different energy values. In summary, this packaging has been devised so that the film badge can measure the air kerma which the wearer has encountered and can also help distinguish the type of radiation to which he or she has been exposed. The outside of the film wrapper has the name, date of issue, and identification number of the wearer imprinted on it. Film badges are a popular personnel monitoring device because they provide a permanent record of each individual’s accumulated exposure. They are also inexpensive and require no technical knowledge to the user. These personnel monitors can be used in the same way as film badges. They are common for whole-body monitoring as well as for special types of monitoring, such as monitoring the hands for radiation. Since they may be affixed anywhere in the treatment field and may be attached directly to a patient, they are often used in radiation oncology applications in particular to verify the treatment plan. Substance that posses the property of thermoluminescence are nonmetallic crystalline solids, usually in powdered form. When electrons in a crystal insulator absorb energy, they move to the higher energy conduction band and all the missing electrons or holes migrate to the valence band. In a thermoluminescent crystal, these excited electrons get trapped in the higher energy state until the crystal is heated to a specific temperature, known as the curie temperature, at which the electrons return to the valence state, radiating the extra energy in the form of visible light photons. Lithium fluoride, lithium tetraborate, and manganese-activated calcium fluoride are crystals commonly used for their thermoluminescent

The Importance of Health Insurance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Importance of Health Insurance - Assignment Example It is easy to apply as reimbursement provider.Conclusion. By implementing the required processing steps, the provider applicant can easily seek approval as the official medical nutrition therapy service provider. Proper coding helps ensure all medical nutrition therapy billings are reimbursed. Many health insurance providers offer 100 percent medical nutrition therapy reimbursements to diabetes mellitus patients. Evidently, Medicare and several insurance companies offer reimbursement of medical nutrition therapy. Reimbursement is information to dietetics professionals because they are confident their services can be paid quicker. By implementing the reimbursement steps, insurance companies or organizations can easily reimburse the patients and registered dietitian service providers. Further, the project objectives include learning whether diabetes patients can avail of reimbursements for medical nutrition therapy sessions. Another objective is to learn the importance of coding in the immediate release of reimbursements. A third objective is to learn the importance of health insurance in reducing the rehabilitation expenses of the diabetes mellitus patients. Furthermore, the MNT reimbursement requires the proper coding and billing to ensure quicker reimbursement processes. Each Code 97803 equates to 15 minutes follow up MNT visit. Each Code 97804 equates to 30 minutes Group MNT visit. Telehealth Codes are used for real-time interactive and video communication activities. The ICD Codes annually updated diagnosis. Code 250.00 represents diabetes. Moreover, the diabetes mellitus medical condition occurs when the patient is diagnosed with a chronic lifetime ailment. The ailment indicates the patient loses the normal capacity to maximize energy found in swallowed food. There are different types of the ailment.  

The Impact of Internet Use of Business-to-Business Marketing Research Proposal

The Impact of Internet Use of Business-to-Business Marketing - Research Proposal Example The long history and practice of people across different countries and cultural identities could be very overwhelming in the challenge that it presents to business and advertising individuals who have ambitions to take the extra mile of gaining a share of consumers and clients from varying localities abroad. Today the array of possibilities in applying the marketing strategy of international advertising is unimaginable. Instead of taking the technological barriers as hindrance and drawbacks in the international business operations because of the technological divide that cuts across the people from different social status, looking for avenues of more strategic and effective campaigns and treating such drawbacks as opportunities may result to favorable outcomes. A website is better market its services and increases client and customer satisfaction in its aim to gain competitive advantage from competitors as well as sustainable development for the organization's long-term goals. As suc h, the report outlines the (1) contextual analysis of the business organization, (2) its promotional objectives and business positioning, (3) the organization's promotional strategies, (4) the promotional mix of the business, (5) the implementation plan, and (6) the evaluation and control of the its online marketing project.

Operation management and decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operation management and decision making - Essay Example This is an area of some uncertainty in the capacity planning process. Hitachi Ltd is one of the companies used capacity management as the main tool to plan and control its production processes and improve performance. Hitachi Ltd. is a global leader on the electronic market specialized in Electronic Devices, Power & Industrial Systems, Digital Media & Consumer Products, High Functional Materials & Components, Logistics and Financial Services. The paper and analysis will concentrate only on one sphere of its activity: Electronic Devices. These are represented by the following types of products: power tools, measurements tools, electronic devices, semiconductors, etc. A special attention will be given to one product, semiconductors. In this segment, the efforts of executives to improve the management process have resulted in an influx of technological advances. Semiconductors are manufactured in Japan and Asia (Hitachi semiconductors 2008). For Hitachi Ltd, capacity planning is not visionary or futuristic thinking, but an example of process versus substance. Capacity management for semiconductors is the process that creates a balance between what is desired and what is possible. Capacity management enables managers to distinguish truly important decisions from less important ones and to build a strategic agenda. It is a process that deals with interdepartmental issues and allows the organization to develop synergy among functional components. It is a process that helps managers deal with turbulent, complex, and influential environments. It helps to identify critical success factors or key result areas, to avoid incremental thinking, and to effectively deal with change. The main products for semiconductors are Interlayer Dielectric Materials, High Heat resistance Photopolymers, die bonding paste, different types of bonding films, Epoxy Molding Compounds, liquid encapsulants, a high heat resistant coating. The product pu rity is strongly affected by many upstream variations (Hitachi semiconductors 2008). Local engineering systems help stabilize the columns to insure that the product meets minimum market specifications. These variations result in higher energy consumption and lower production capacity. At times, large variations disrupt the column operation to such an extent that it is necessary to shut down and restart. The fundamental source of such variation is easily traced to variations in the rates and concentrations of the many feeds that are pumped to the tank farm. In this case, as a recycle facility, it is not practical to negotiate with the suppliers for more consistency in the raw materials. There is little choice but to take the recycled acid as it comes, variation and all. There is a possibility, however, of reducing the magnitude of the problem by modifying the process and control system designs to be less sensitive to such unavoidable upstream variations. The plumbing of the tank is c hanged to make better use of the capacity of the inventory to reduce the magnitude and the frequency of the variations seen by the columns (Chase & Jacobs 2003). The main outputs are power semiconductors (high voltage, diodes), semiconductors for communication systems, and SDRAM for electronic technology (Hitachi semiconductors 2008).. "Improvements in production and inventory control translate

Essay About Stereotyping Essay Example for Free

Essay About Stereotyping Essay Chimamanda Adichie uses the phrase â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story.† She states â€Å"it robs people of dignity. It makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult. It emphasizes how we are different rather than how we are similar†. Adichie was referring to stereotyping or is what she calls â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story.† A single story is an oversimplified, usually pejorative, attitude people hold toward those outside one’s own experience who are different. Adichie says â€Å"The single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete. They make one story become the only story.† When she stated that it brought me back to my childhood because I remember as a young African American girl growing up with a bunch of Caucasians. I used to get judged because I was black and many kids thought that I came from Africa and that I wasn’t smart or that I didn’t have the ability to read or write because I was African American. They were basically calling me dumb and were grouping all African Americans in that category and I just thought oh they were just joking around, but I came to realize that they weren’t joking. They were kids who were saying things that they have over heard about in their household or have been taught growing up. Stereotyping is still an issue in society today and I feel as though everyone stereotypes. There are many different viewpoints from every individual in the world from their race, background, gender, as well as their age groups. According to Joi Downing, stereotyping is formed many different ways and for many different reasons. Joi states that â€Å"stereotyping is formed to describe a person or to make judgments about a person.† She believes they are formed by social media and what people where taught when growing up. Downing says she doesn’t believe that they were formed in today’s time but that they have evolved from the past. She believes the only reason people stereotype is because that is how they were raised and/or they are just doing what they saw when they were growing up. She states â€Å"I’ve seen this happen in front of my ey es and I know  many people like this.† Downing has reasons and is certain that most people just stereotype because they see other people doing it so they do the same and then there are others who are just doing what they were taught. Although Anthony has the same views as Joi, they differ in many ways. Anthony argues that most people do not intentionally mean to pass judgment on people, however others do. He states â€Å"Personally, I think it is part of human nature to place things into categories. But, over time, we as people have learned how to classify people and things into certain groups depending on color, race, size, or economic stability.† He says that most people simply and innocently assume that due to similarities between individuals or things, they can be automatically categorized. Anthony states that â€Å"Sometimes we end up placing them into a category that has nothing to do with them, but because they seem to look or act similar to something, we automatically assume they are the same.† Anthony believes that everyone automatically stereotypes no matter what, but don’t mean to. Joi and Anthony have just about the same views on single stories, but their views are a little different in some aspects. Anthony argues that people do not intentionally mean to pass judgments on people, but Joi thinks a little differently. She believes that most people just stereotype because they see other people doing it, so they are intentionally meaning to judge or stereotype others. As Anthony being an older Caucasian male, he has different ways of looking at stereotyping than Joi being a young African American female. There are different viewpoints abut stereotyping from many races, age groups as well as gender.

Chagall’s Apocalypse in Lilac, Capriccio Essay Example for Free

Chagall’s Apocalypse in Lilac, Capriccio Essay This painting was done by Marc Chagall, a Russian artist. It is a painting of Christ shouting at a Nazi soldier while also witnessing other forms of violence from his view. While He is being crucified, others were hanged, stabbed and crucified like him while an inverted clock falls from the sky. It was a response in the increasing number of casualties from the Holocaust. It was his tribute to the Jewish community. His art pieces, upon reaching the shores of Germany were prohibited by the Nazis by the order of Adolf Hitler himself, just like what happened to other modernist art pieces. (Chipp, 1968) The color scheme is black and white; it means that the artist conveys in the art piece that it is a grim incident which he wanted to record before he passes on. A set of symbols from different elements have been depicted in the art piece. First is the crucifixion of Christ, most of us have acknowledged that Christ is the redeemer of mankind. But here, He was depicted as a powerless man only capable of screaming at a soldier to stop the violence. The next symbol in this art piece is the violence around Christ; it was like the people forgetting that a God or His son exists. The violence goes on, while an inverted clock which spins in the other way, the last symbol, tells us that man is in reverse evolution at that time. We are slaughtering each other like animals for survival. Interpretation The location and the people centered on the art piece impacts me in a way that any other artworks with similar themes do. This is a humanist approach to telling people that â€Å"peace is in our hands. † I could say that after Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People, the next piece a person would want to see is this artwork by Chagall. Comparing the two, the former is looking forward to progress, while the latter is looking forward to a series of regression, symbolized by the inverted clock in the sky. War became the motivation of Chagall in order to create this work. There are many artists who have been affected by war, Chagall was one example. It gave them an intense emotion, an intense desire to break free. Like in war, natural calamities also give artists a certain feeling of sadness. One example of this was Edvard Munch and his work The Scream, which he created during the time when the Krakatoa volcano erupted and claimed many lives. Chagall has been very open about his perspective on the war that is going on in Germany, how the Nazis seized the political power from the Weimar republic, and how it oppressed the Jewish people. He has viewed the society under a time of war. This was his answer, to paint propaganda about how God feels seeing that the race of his likeness is slaying each other. Chagall was also known as a chronicler of biblical events. He was fond of using The Bible as a reference for his works. But in the Apocalypse, he blended real-life events and the ones that happened in the Bible. For art historians, the Apocalypse was a rare Chagall painting. Through the symbols, I have interpreted it as propaganda against the Nazi rule on Germany. Others may interpret the artwork as a continuation of the peoples’ suffering in the time of Christ. Or putting it simply, Christ as the people is at its weakest and can do nothing to stop the violence around him. Though we may have different interpretations on Chagall’s painting, we all share a common view that the people depicted in the painting is suffering. In addition, with the inverted clock may be interpreted by others as a person peeking through history, or the past. It tells the person or the clock that â€Å"this is us in this time of day†. At exactly the same time and the same date, this is what is going on. Social Judgment I believe that moving the art in another setting would be just the same. But there are certain elements that can be replaced like the Nazis; it can be replaced with soldiers who have invaded powerless, poor countries. The violence can be replaced with soldiers who are torturing and killing innocent people who fought for the freedom of their country. These people who they claimed to be smaller than the invasive soldiers have been fighting a war for freedom with and without the use of weapons. Many times the weak and the small were not heard by the powerful. Many times the human rights have been violated. Many people are suffering today with their own wars, combating hunger, homelessness, ignorance and many other deficiencies due to the rights that were withheld from them. Today, the London Jewish Museum bought the painting for $43,000. It was exhibited in the museum in remembrance of the Jews who were killed, persecuted, tortured and subjected to forced labor by the Nazis. The painting fits the The last question is if I like this work. Yes, I do. I give the highest form of adoration in the work. It is because rare are the times that artists have a nationalist or humanist emotion when it comes to painting their work. Chagall belongs to the line of artists who believe that peace can still be achieved. Rare are the artists who used their skills not for commercial purposes, but rather to express what they feel in the current situation of their world. Rare are the chances that a person would see an artist concerned not only about his country but also for the countries of his brothers, especially in these times. Chagall was more than intelligent; he was proven a genius with the creation of his masterpiece. Conclusion Many scholars believe that art does not exist for its own sake. Rather, art has political, ethical, social values. Aesthetics is only a bonus. For a painting like the Apocalypse in Lilac, this also holds true. As long as there are human beings struggling for power, there will always be politics. Chagall was an artist concerned about the welfare of his European brothers. He was a humanist. Seeing the war through his eyes, he got inspired. He gathered his brushes and gave the first few strokes on his work. He was fond of using Biblical figures. For him, Christ was the most fitting of them all, for He is the people. Anyone who betrays the people betrays Him. It was a powerful symbol to convey. The artwork was a critique of the war, its illogic and its costs to the people. He also described the rule of Hitler through the painting, being ungodly and grim to the people who are part of his country. The innocent, being pained by the nooses of death and knives of the soldiers are his descriptions of Hitler’s approach to leadership. Because of this, Hitler banned Chagall and so are other modern artists who conveyed their feelings about Nazi Germany and the people who are not fraternal with the Jews they have forced into labor. Moving the setting of the painting, say in contemporary times, it would be just the same. It won’t change everything because this is exactly how the people feel when they are working under large corporations, when they are giving their maximum output while only earning their minimum wage. Hitler may be gone, but the repercussions that his spiritual successors have done still echo and can still be felt by the people. I recommend a viewing of Chagall’s work, which is timeless because we can still relate to it, we are living in a society like these, and the only difference is that the hierarchy has legal bases for their existence. Liking the painting is not enough like I’ve said. It is recommended to view it again and again and compare our societies with the one depicted in the art. This is to have a clear view of what we are and what we are to expect in the future. References: Chagall, M. , Owen, P. (2003). My Life. Cambridge, Masachussetts: Da Capo Press. Chipp, H. B. (1968). Theories of Modern Art: A Source Book by Artists and Critics. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. Hopkins, D. (2000). After Modern Art: 1945-2000. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.

Reflect on a personal experience within our time at our clinical rotation

Reflect on a personal experience within our time at our clinical rotation The purpose of this caring paper is to reflect on a personal experience within our time at our clinical rotation in which a patient experienced two of Watsons lower order of needs. Doris Grinspun (2010), a professor from York University defines caring as thinking, doing, and being representing the ways in which nurses enact caring work and manages relationships and present key courses of action in which nurses enact their work focusing on rules of engagement and inequalities. From this, we can establish that caring involves every interaction a nurse has with a patient, from the first introduction, throughout the healing process and the termination phase between the nurse and client. Caring science embraces all ways of knowing/being/doing: ethical, intuitive, personal, empirical, aesthetic, and even spiritual/metaphysical ways of knowing and Being (Watson, 2008). This paper will focus on a description of my patient and their diagnosis, caritas processes, two of Watsons lower order of needs which will include activity/inactivity and sexual intimacy, and possible nursing interventions that can be put into place to help improve the quality of care for the hospitalized patient. The personal encounter with a patient with two of Watsons lower order of needs was diagnosed with dementia, or failure to cope. Dementia is the development of multiple cognitive deficits, manifested by memory impairment and other deficits affecting language, inability to carry out motor functions, failure to recognize or identify objects and a disturbance in functioning (Jarvis, 2009). It was evident when dealing with this patient that she had a cognitive impairment. I introduced myself to her on the first day, and when I returned to her bed side the following morning to get her up and take her vital signs, she had no recollection of who I was from the previous day. I had to continuously remind her who I was throughout the course of the two days I was in clinical. She referred to the nursing students as the kids in blue. Her diagnosis mainly affected her ability to remember people, place, and sometimes memories, but when it came to retaining facts, she was very capable; an example wa s the recreational therapy that she attended in which she was always able to answer the trivia questions or the answer to the crossword. Over the course of the two days in which she was my assigned patient that I was to care for, I got know her well. She trusted me from the beginning because she knew I was just doing my job. She quickly began to open up to me and told me about her family. She came from a large family of six kids, of that she had four brothers all of whom always looked out for her and her sister. She was born and raised, and lived in Oshawa her entire life. While growing up, her family lived on a farm. Herself and her siblings assisted in the chores around the bard, including milking the cows and gathering the chicken eggs. My patient married her husband in her twenties and had four kids; three sons and one daughter. She informed me many times that she loved her family and enjoys when any member of her family is able to come and visit her. One of Watsons lower orders of needs is activity/inactivity. One of the health challenges my patients experiences was the fact that she was non-ambulatory. She was only allowed to be in her bed or in her wheelchair because she had a high risk of falling. Due to her lack of ability to move around, her muscles would slowly start to experience atrophy. Deconditioning is a process or physiological change following a period of inactivity or bed rest that results in a decrease in muscle mass, weakness, functional decline and the ability to perform daily living activities (Gillis MacDonald, 2008). It is observed in an increasing frequency as a consequence of hospitalization for many older adults. While in the hospital receiving care, many elderly patients, due to age, begin to grow frail and are at a greater risk of falls. To counteract this problem, many patients are assigned bed-rest, or stay in their wheel-chair all the time. This limits the patients ability to get up and walk around. A recent study concluded that older hospitalized patients 70 years and up showed a decline in activities of daily living associated with deconditioning on discharge (Brown et al., 2004). To prevent deconditioning, a nursing intervention must be to look for risk factors and intervene proactively. This is assuming that nurses have the prerequisite knowledge, skills and attitudes to recognize and respond to the specialized needs of hospitalized older patients. I found that my patient had a hard time accepting the fact that she was unable to get out of her wheelchair and walk around. At one point she was so determined she unbuckled herself and attempted to get out and walk. Having to go in there and tell her otherwise was a challenge because seeing the disappointment in her eyes upset me. Physical inactivity is a risk factor for many conditions experienced by the elderly. Exercise helps older people feel better and enjoy life more, even if they think they are too old or too out of shape (Ebersole et al., 2008). Gerontological continuing education programs should contain a core component on the prevention of deconditioning (Gillis MacDonald, 2008). It should focus on diagnosis and assessment of risk for deconditioning, prevention, interventions, and strategies for the patient and family teaching. I believe that due to her inactivity, or lack of mobility, her routine was rather repetitive; get up, vitals, bed bath, get dressed, get into whee lchair and sit there until she wanted to go back to bed. A persons need for activity/inactivity is fundamental and central to ones life, as it affects the ability to move about and interact with his or her environment and to control ones external surroundings (Watson, 2008). To maintain competency in the field, the nurse must use his or her knowledge, skill, judgment, attitudes, values and beliefs to perform in a given role, situation and practice setting (CNO, 2002). It is important to establish best practices in gerontology and implement them in a consistent manner to improve the knowledge of nurses. This will enhance the confidence level and provide to the elderly the quality care that they deserve. The other lower orders of need of Watsons that will be discussed in this paper is sexuality and intimacy. Touch affects almost anything we do; all humans require touch (Ebersole et al., 2008). To a palliative patient in a hospital or in a nursing home, they tend to lose the sense of touch, which can be a form of comfort or help decrease anxiety, from their loved ones, due to them passing on or the distance put between the patient and the remaining family members. Hollinger and Buschmann (1993) proposed that attitudes toward touch and acceptance of touch affect the behaviour of both caregiver and patient. As a nurse, either a task related touch, or even an expressive form of a touch such as holding the patients hand will show a supportive nature, and that is all the patient requires, a form of touch and belonging. When working with my patient, although she had a few family members who did come to visit her, they lived a bit farther away so travelling to pay a visit was a challenge. With her diagnosis of dementia, she also tended to not remember clearly. She told me various times that everyone just forgot about her, no one cared and she was stuck in the hospital until she was gone. She did not lack the companionship of others; she just tended to forget about it sometimes. Nurses provide health services to an increasing number of older adults in acute care settings (Turner et al., 2001). Although there are many patients requiring care in either a nursing home or on a geriatrics ward of a hospital, every patient requires the companionship of others, especially if the patient does not have visitors to come. Just a couple minutes taken out of your day to talk with, or give a back rub to a patient is all they need rather than being stuck with a window to look out of, or a roommate that does not want to talk, or sleeps all day. We all need each other to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Nurses need to think about touching as part of caring (Ebersole et al., 2008). A nursing intervention that could be helpful to improve this order of is the type of culture that you were born into. It will give you the experience you need and will have a large influence on your comfort level with touching others. Be sure to assess a patients readiness to being touched with a social touch. Enhance the knowledge and skills of staff nurses in providing care to elderly patients (Turner et al., 2001). One cannot enter into and sustain Caritas practices for caring-healing without being personally prepared (Watson, 2008). Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting caring relationship is one of Watsons Caritas Processes (2008). For a nurse to be personally prepared means knowing and understanding the practice to which will be carried out and providing the best safe, competent, quality care to which the patient deserved. For this process to be carried out in regards to caring for an elderly patient would be to be a positive role model who understands the job description and articulates professional practice while providing care. As a nurse, the best way to provide care to any patient, no matter what the diagnosis is to develop a caring relationship of skills and caring competencies, not necessarily about the technique. As a nursing student, while I was caring for the patient I described above, although I learned the technique to take vital signs, perform a bed bath, and perform asse ssments, it is about the relationship which I form with my patient. From the beginning, ensure that the patient feels a sense of trust and feels care, not just the sense from the nurse this is my job, Im just doing my job and leaving, making the patient suffer the consequences of noncaring such as fear, helpless, and vulnerable. Authentic caring relationship building is concerned with deepening our humanity; it is about processes of being-becoming more humane, compassionate, aware, and awake to our own and others human dilemma. Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings is another of Watsons Caritas Processes (2008). The first priority nurses should consider when caring for patients is their health and safety. In order to do this, a nurse must be open and supportive of the care that is being given to the patient. It is through being present to and allowing constructive expression of all feelings that we create a foundation for trust and caring (Watson, 2008). When caring for my patient described above, there was a moment where she was having negative feelings about being in her wheelchair. I allowed her to express all her thoughts and opinions on the issue she was having and from there, using communication and problem solving, together we were able to solve her problem. The best way to achieve a solution when dealing with a client with a problem is through the connection with the patient. A nursing intervention is to allow the patient to express his or her feelings , whether they are positive or negative. By allowing the facilitation of expression, the nurse permits the process of personal expression and acceptance of ones feelings while also creating an awareness of feelings put out into the open to release and form a constructive way to deal with them. The nurse can provide the older adult with a therapeutic environment that supports the clients independence (Arnold Boggs, 2007). Make sure the client feels safe both physically and emotionally to open up and express the problem and ensure that the problem will be resolved if both the client and nurse collaborate together to fix it. While caring for clients during clinical, we learn hands-on skills, experience things first hand, make mistakes and learn from them, and provide the best quality care to patients. The best parts of caring for the older patients are the conversations, positive attitudes, even though they are in a hospital and the encouragement they give. The encouragement that our group of nursing students will be great nurses, and have the qualities of a good nurse to provide safe, competent, quality care. Given the increase age of population and the small decrease in the number of family physicians, we need to do a better job preventing frailty and common conditions of aging (Frank, 2010). This can be done through advocacy and health promotion. Enjoy the interactions with the elderly people as a special part of providing care. The caring component of nursing practice has become an increasingly visible activity of nursing (Clarke, 2007). Patients expect nurses to provide treatment to assist with heal th promotion, but they also expect to receive safe, competent care. The patients do not want to feel that they are a hassle, or are looked down upon because of a disease or diagnosis. A nurse must respect each individual need and not pass judgment. The role of a nurse is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him or her; caring, healing, loving relationships are natural (Nightingale, 1969).

The Caucasian Chalk Circle Essay -- English Literature

The Caucasian Chalk Circle - Plot Notes. Scene 1 Representatives from two kolchos villages meet to decide who should have control of a valley that was taken from the Galinsk kolchos by the Rosa Luxemburg kolchos during the war. They argue it out and finally agree on a proposal from the agronomist in favour of the Rosa Luxemburg keeping the valley as they could put it to better use. A singer is invited to perform a story to help them with their problem. This is called "The Chalk Circle" and starts in scene two. Scene 2 The singer introduces the governor, Georgi Abashvili and his family and entourage. We also meet Prince Kazbeki outside the church. Everyone goes into the church. When they return Prince Kazbeki has set up an ambush to capture the governor who is killed. The governor's wife runs away leaving behind her son. In the mean time we meet Grusha Vachnadze, a kitchen maid, and Simon Chachava, a soldier of the palace guard. Simon proposes to Grusha, who accepts, and but he then has to leave with the governors wife to protect her. Grusha sees that the child, Michael Abashvili, has been left behind, and, against her better judgement, takes him away with her to protect him. Scene 3 The singer tells us that Grusha is heading to the northern mountains with the child. She tries to buy her way onto a caravansary with two rich ladies by pretending to be rich herself, but the gives herself away by making up some beds. She is forced to run away to avoid the police. The singer tells us that Grusha is being followed by the Prince's Ironshirts. The Ironshirts are loud and crude, particularly the corporal. Grusha leaves Michael on the doorstep of a peasant woman's house. The peasant woma... ...ds before he was killed. Halfway through the trial Azdak loses interest and sees an old couple who want to divorce. Before he signs their divorce papers he goes back to Grusha's trial. He uses the test of the chalk circle, which involves standing the child in the middle of a circle and each woman trying to pull him out. Grusha lets go, the trial is repeated and she lets go again crying that she doesn't want to hurt him. Azdak gives Michael to Grusha and sends Natella away, declaring that her money will go to build a park for the children. Azdak signs a divorce for Grusha and her husband instead of the old couple and then steps down from his position as judge. Simon agrees to stay with Grusha and Michael and Azdak disappears. The singer declares that the moral of the story is that everything should go to those that are good for them.Document1

The Minimum Wage Should Be Increased Essay -- Minimum Wage Essays

Congress enacted the federal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higher income level reduces employee turnover and increases efficiency and ultimately, raising the minimum wage does not reduce employment. Even with high unemployment rates, the minimum wage is useful for the economy. Today "the federal minimum wage" is $7.25 per hour since July 24, 2009. It has failed to keep up with inflation. The real value of the minimum wage rose steadily from 1938 until its value reached a peak in 1968. Thereafter, it suffered severe erosion as Congress failed to adjust for the inflation over time. The minimum wage of $1.60 an hour in 1968 would be $10.47 today when adjusted for inflation. This means that the purchasing power of the minimum wage has decreased significantly over time. The current minimum wage is no longer enough to protect workers out of poverty. A person who earns the minimum wage and works full-time (40 hours/week, 52 weeks/year) only earns about $12,000 in a year. This is almost $7,000 below the poverty line for a family of three ($19,090) according to the federal poverty guidelines. As a result, the gap between poor and high-income families is continuously increasing, and taxpayers have to pay more for public assistance such as food stamps and Medicaid. I ncreasing the minimum wage can increase the annual income of low-income families and reduce the public assistance expenditures by g... ...litical Science, London, UK. Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania; David Card and Alan B. Krueger, The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 4 (Sep., 1994), pp. 772-793 The Effect of the Minimum Wage on the Fast-Food Industry; Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Oct., 1992), pp. 6-21 Minimum Wage Effects Across State Borders: Estimates Using Contiguous Counties; Arindrajit Dube, T. William Lester, and Michael Reich, Review of Economics and Statistics (2010) 92:4, 945-964 Do Minimum Wages Really Reduce Teen Employment?; ALLEGRETTO, S. A., DUBE, A. And REICH, M. (2011), Accounting for Heterogeneity and Selectivity in State Panel Data. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 50: 205–240. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00634.x

The Causes and Effects of World War I Essay -- Papers

The Causes and Effects of World War I In 1914 through 1918, the entire world was at war. Due to many small, and some great incidents, the world powers went to war. During the war there were many events that drastically affected the outcome. Some of these events were very influential. From the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the war was shaped by events like this. On June 28, 1914, the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Francis Ferdinand, and his wife entered their car. About five minutes later a blast rang out. A bomb had been throw in front of his car. A Serbian nationalist and member of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip, ran up to the car and, with two shots, killed the Archduke and his wife. When news of the murder reached Austria-Hungary, they thought that the Black Hand was in some way associated with the Serbian government. The Austria-Hungarians gave the Serbs and ultimatum. The Serbians agreed to all but one condition. This wasn't acceptable for the Austrian-Hungarians. They declared war on Serbia. The system of alliances soon took effect and had all the Allied countries declaring war on the Central Powers and vice versa. On May 7, 1915, A British ocean liner is sailing off the Irish coast. Onboard are about 1,200 people, 125 of which are Americans. They boarded despite the fact that the German government had warned Americans not to take British ships. Suddenly a torpedo hits the side of the ship. A German U-Boat, U-20, had shot at her. Within 20 minutes the British Liner was at the bottom taking over 1,000 souls. The sinking of the Lusitania was one of the major reasons the United States was drawn into World War I. It swayed American public opinion in favor of joining t... ...ed. Vladimir Lenin wanted to end the fighting so he accepted the German demands. The German demands were even harsher this time. Russia would lose Poland, the Baltic states, and recognize Finland, Ukraine, and Georgia as independent states. After the treaty was signed, Russia lost 25% percent of it's total area and population. Also, since Germany no longer had to worry about the Eastern Front they could commit more troops and weaponry to the Western Front. The five mentioned events are some of the most significant of the war. From beginning to end, the war was shaped by events like this. The Treaty of Versailles all but ended the fighting. During the course of the war over 10 million soldiers lost their lives and 20 million were wounded. As Europe was trying to rebuild, the League of Nations was created to prevent something like this from ever happening again.

Agricultural Land Conservation

Agricultural Land Conservation The issues of land distribution and land conservation in agriculture attract more and more attention, especially when the expansion of cropland is hitting a limit since much more land is conserved for environmental purposes. Soil erosion is devastating the topsoil of land as chemical fertilizers are used to increase output within a limited amount of land. At the same time, livestock production expands at an ever-growing speed, worsening the land use situation.Livestock production, nowadays, consumes a large portion of crop that could be distributed to serve for poor population. A taxation system in favor of production capacity and against environmental damages will encourage farmers to improve their production techniques. Proper regulations could not be emphasized more to make sure that a genuinely sustainable agriculture system will be built with animals to cycle nutrients. Cropland is the land that is suited to or used for crop production. Grazing lan d refers to a field covered with grass or herbage, and suitable for grazing by livestock.FAO is the abbreviation for The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, a specialized organization that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. NCGA is the abbreviation for National Corn Growers Association, which represents America’s corn growers. The expansion of cropland has limited potential due to environmental conservation. At present, more than one point five billion hectares is used for crop production, accounting for twelve percent of the globe’s land surface. According to FAO, there is little scope for further expansion of cropland.Despite the presence of considerable amounts of land potentially suitable for agriculture, much of it is covered by forests, protected for environmental reasons, or employed for unban settlements. Compared with livestock production, crop production requires soil that contains more fertile materials, which makes it harder to find suitable cropland. Livestock production is expected to slow down the rate of soil erosion and improve the quality of soil in the long term. In â€Å"Eroding Future,† published July-August 2011 in the Futurist, author Lester R.Brown reviews that people are liquidating the Earth’s natural assets to fuel their consumption and states that, â€Å"soil erosion exceeds soil formation on one-third of the world’s cropland, draining the land of its fertility† (24). With the presence of animals, the situation could be changed. Soil absorbs nutrients from animal manure, allowing grass and other crops to grow without the addition of synthetic fertilizer, which is the primary cause of soil erosion. Animals play a crucial role in keeping balance of the ecosystem. Livestock production expands at a super speed and occupies more land, leading to deforestation.The livestock sector is by far the single largest anthropogenic user of land. According to Julia Whitty, au thor of â€Å"Livestock Revolution Examined,† published March 16, 2010 in the Mother Jones, more than one point seven billion animals are used in livestock production worldwide, and they, â€Å"occupy more than one-fourth of the Earth’s land† (http://www. motherjones. com/blue-marble/2010/03/livestock-revolution-examined). Expansion of grazing land for livestock production is a key factor in deforestation. About seventy percent of grazing land in dry areas is considered degraded due to overgrazing.The presence of animals in a sustainable agriculture system results in further land use in order to feed them. Most livestock that are employed to enrich land with nutrients are fed with imported crops. If a farmer is not growing his own feed, the nutrients going into the soil are generated by eroding other cropland, thereby undermining the benefits of livestock production. James E. McWilliams, the author of â€Å"The Myth of Sustainable Meat,† published April 1 3, 2012 in the New York Times, argues that, â€Å"This kind of rotational grazing works better in theory than in practice† (A31).According to NCGA’s figures from 2010, more than forty percent of crops go into the mouths of animals that people then consume, in the process squandering huge amounts of resources. The limited increase in cropland and deforestation due to rapid expansion of livestock production require more efficient production plans, one of which is an agriculture income taxation system based on unit output of land. Instead of relying on income sources, such as livestock, grains, or other products, farmers’ income tax should be placed on production capacity of per unit of land.This not only encourages crop producers to increase their unit output of land against the declining potential of expanding cropland, but also discourages unorganized blindly exploitation of forested land. This system levies high tax rates on production income generated on new l and. To protect cropland from eroding, proper policies should be enacted to regulate animals feed to prevent further damages on land resources. Instead of feeding animals on farms with imported crops, they should be fed with crops grown on the same farms.Farmers who employ this practice should receive subsidies so that they will not be put into a dilemma where they have to choose between economic benefits and environmental benefits. Environment protection puts a halt on expanding cropland. To increase gross output of food, fertile lands are overused and losing their general production capacity. Nowadays, livestock production is to blame being the largest land user and land destroyer since it accelerates the process of deforestation. Lots of crops that are supposed to feed people are used to feed livestock, which is a huge waste of land resources.Hence, some tax regulations are proposed to help distribute the world’s usable lands to enhance unit production and avoid blind expl oitation. Crop-livestock production is favorable as long as policy makers devote to regulating the process. Works Cited Brown, Lester R. â€Å"Eroding Futures. † Futurist. July-August, 2011: 23-30. McWilliams, James E. â€Å"The Myth of Sustainable Meat. † New York Times. 13 April, 2012: 31. Whitty, Julia. â€Å"Livestock Revolution Examined. † Mother Jones. 16 March, 2010: http://www. motherjones. com/blue-marble/2010/03/livestock-revolution-examined.

1973 War Powers Act Essay

1. If no judicial court of authority, namely the United States Supreme Court, has stricken the 1973 War Powers Act and declared it null and void constitutionally, how is it that the authors of the text book are able to conclude Congress has few, if any, war powers remaining? How can this be? The law is the law, is it not? (Specifically, explain the political phenomenon that has occurred here and has similarly occurred in other legal and constitutional matters allowing the law to be ignored.) The authors of this text book are able to conclude that Congress has few, if any, war powers remaining because of historical actions. For instance, Congress has not declared war since December 1941, yet the US has been involved and engaged in many Military Campaigns since 1941 under the orders of the president. This situation seems to have come about via many different reasons. One of the reasons that this has happened according to our book was that presidents have claimed that they have inherent executive power to defend the nation. A second reason was that when Truman dispatched American forces to Korea without a congressional declaration, and in the face of the emergency, Congress felt it had to acquiesce, and so passed a resoloution approving the presidents actions. This became the pattern for future congressional-executive relations in the militay realm. 2. Attempting to think as objectively as possible and placing your political partisan beliefs aside (looking at presidents as just that, presidents, as opposed to Democratic or Republican presidents) what does the increase in presidential unilateral military power do to the United States as a nation, for better or worse? (There is no correct answer, yet think through the checks and balances consequences.) As the sign on President Truman’s desk, â€Å"The Buck Stops Here,† presidents throughout the years have adhered to their power as chief executive officer with leagal and constitutional responsiility to ensure that the articles of the Constitution are faithfully executed, along with the power to appoint, remove and supervise all executive officers etc, the president truly is the true CEO of the US. It seems that this power has been taken literally by the presidents dating all the way back to George Washington. The good in this happening is that one chief has say in wha t happens.

Dick Spencer Case Essay

Spencer was a plant manager of Modrow Company, a Canadian Branch of the Tri-American Corporation. Tri-American was a major producer of primary aluminum with integrated operations ranging from mining of bauxite through the processing to fabrication of aluminum into variety of products. The company had also made and sold refractories and industrial chemicals. The parent company had wholly owned subsidiaries in five separate United States locations and had foreign affiliates in fifteen different countries. Tri-American employed approximately 22,000 employees in the total organization. The company was governed by a board of directors. The board set general policy, which was then interpreted and applied by the various plant managers. This decentralization in organizational structure increased the freedom and authority of the plant managers, but increase the pressure for profitability. Spencer started his career in Tri-American Corporation as salesman and he succeeded. After two years of successful work as salesman, he became the symbol of what salesman have to be. In his career in Tri-American, he had worked as salesman, troubleshooter, assistant plant manager in English branch in London UK, plant manager in Birmingham in UK and his last position was plant manager of Modrow company in Canada. It was another challenging position in his career and he had faced few problems regarding to management, organization culture, organization conflict and organization innovation. †¢ Spencer was a plant manager of Modrow Company, a Canadian Branch of the Tri-American Corporation. †¢ Tri-American was a major producer of primary aluminum with integrated operations ranging from the mining of bauxite through the processing to fabrication of aluminum into a variety of products. The company had also made and sold refractories and industrial chemicals. The parent company had wholly owned subsidiaries in five separated US locations and had foreign affiliates in 15 different countries. Tri-American employed approximately 22,000 employees in the total organization. The company was governed by a board of directors, which included chairman, vice chairman, president and 12 vice presidents. Subsidiaries and branches are organized as independent companies and decisions are decentralized. †¢ The Modrow Branch was located in a border town in Canada. The total work force in Modrow was 1,000. This Canadian subsidiary was primarily a fabricating unit. Its main products were foil and building products such as roofing and siding. Problem: 1. Resistance to change by employees, this problem shows when Dick as the plant manager asked the worker why he was using the saw when the material could easily be bent fifted into the barrels, resulting in saving time and equipment. And then the worker said â€Å"We’ve never done it that way, sir. We’ve always cut it†. After all the power saw are removed from the scalp area in order to adjust new method of bending rather than cutting. A few day later Dick find out that workmen using hand shears to cut each strip to cut. 2. Process of Production Problems. In his new position as Plant Manager at Modrow, he found that construction was slower in completion than originally planned; equipment arrived before the building was finished, employees were upset about the extent of change expected in their work routines with the installation of additional machinery, and in general morale was at low ebb. 3. Culture Change Problem; there is the difference between American and British philosophy and performance within the plant. Here, he also found that his power and authority were less than those of his superiors, so he constantly found himself in the position of having to soft pedal or withhold suggestions that he would have liked to make, or innovations that he would have liked to introduce. After a frustrating year and a half, Dick was suddenly made plant manager of an old British company which had just been purchased by Tri-American. He left his first English assignments with mixed and moved from London to Birmingham. In Birmingham, he become a plant manager and operated much as he had in his troubleshooting job for the first couple of years of his change from sales to administration. He did some changes in Birmingham. Training and reduction programs were instituted for all supervisors and managers who survive the initial purge. He tried to focus/ control on relationship between production and the needs from sales by simplifying and redesign in order to increase profit. Later the company showed a small profit for the first time in many years. For this successfulness, then he requested transferred back to United States. 4. Cost Reduction Problem, by the end of his first year at Modrow, the building program had been completed, although behind schedule, the new equipment had been installed, and some revamping of cost procedures had been incorporated. But, the financial picture at this time showed as a loss. Later, all managers of the various divisions had worked closely with their supervisors and accountants in planning the budget for the following year. 5. Human Relations/ Interaction Problems When he worked through his first year as plant manager, Dick developed the habit of strolling around the organization. He was apt to leave his office and appear anywhere on the plant floor, in the design office and at the plant cafeteria rather than in the executive dining room, or wherever there was activity concerned with Modrow. At first his presence disturbed those who noted him coming and going, but later, the workers came to accept his presence and continue their usual activities. Supervisors, managers, and foreman, however, did not feel as comfortable when they saw him in the area. 6. Different corporate culture in Canada, even though Canada is located in same geopolitical areas, geographically and nationally Canada is different country and corporate culture is bit different from USA. And Dick Spencer is American manager who started his career in USA. As we can see from the case, Dick Spencer is basically very stunning to adapt different corporate culture in different countries such as UK and Canada plant career. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦ In recalling his first year at Modrow, Dick had felt constantly pressured and badgered. He always sensed that the Canadians he worked with resented his presence since he has brought in over the heads of the operating staff’. At the same time he felt this subtle resistance from his Canadian work force†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. 7. Organization conflict in Modrow plant, there was an obvious conflict between workers and Dick Spencer. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦ In recalling his first year at Modrow, Dick had felt constantly pressured and badgered. He always sensed that the Canadians he worked with resented his presence since he has brought in over the heads of the operating staff †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. In the other words, other workers couldn’t live up with Dick’s arrival in the company. 8. Corporate innovation management, at the time of Dick Spencer’s arrival in the Modrow Branch, there was a lack of good corporate innovation management. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦ Prior to Dick’s appointment as plant manager at Modrow, extensive plans for plant expansion and improvement had been approved and started. Altough he had not been in on the original discussions and plans, he inherited all the problems that accompany large-scale changes in any organization. Construction was slower in completion than originally planned, equipment arrived before the building was finished, employees were upset about the extent of change expected in their work routines with installation of additional machinery, and, in general, morale was a low ebb†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 9. Decentralization, basically this is American organization type and American one is more formalistic than European. Decentralization is basically increase the pressure from parent company management. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦ This decentralization in organizational structure increased the freedom and authority of the plant managers, but increased the pressure for profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 10. Lack of leadership for Dick Spencer, in terms of organization leader Dick Spencer shouldn’t include the all the works in the organization. He tried to do it by himself every single things and he aimed to attend every action. In terms of HRM, this is not good character for the good Leader. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦ As he worked through his first year as plant manager, Dick developed the habit of strolling around the organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This created the conflict between him and workers. Also this creates dis-approvement from workers. We can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦Supervisors, managers and foreman, however didn’t feel as comfortable when they saw him in the area†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 11. Lack of knowledge in Human resource and accounting knowledge, these two courses were disadvantage for Dick Spencer in this study in MBA and these two are very important for any organization. In the other way, he can find and hire someone who can do his unknowledgeable fields such as accounting and HR. 12. Too high expectation from management made pressure, we can see it from this sentence: ‘†¦he believed that the president and his friends in the home office were constantly on the alert, waiting for Dick to prove himself or fail flat on his face†¦